Roger Williams entered New England early, and John Winthrop’s journal lets us watch the first major clash between liberty of conscience and Puritan authority unfold almost in real time.
Existentialism was born in post medieval Europe, but it’s focus on the self and your own thoughts echos Daoism and Buddhism in the East and Stoicism and Epicureanism in the West.
In 1842, Christian Doppler wrote about the doppler effect in stars. It was first confirmed with sound in 1845, then with light in 1848. The big moment came in 1868 when, for the first time, we could tell which stars were coming and going.