The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are called the Bill of Rights. They were added to protect individuals and states from an overly powerful federal government. They safeguard core freedoms like speech, religion, press, assembly, due process, fair trials, protection from unreasonable searches, and limits on cruel punishment. In short, they define a protected zone around the individual.

It was written two years after the signing of the Constitution and ratified by three-fourths of the states in 1791. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Georgia refused. In 1939, the three decliners symbolically sent their approvals to Congress.

Amendments:

And now, here are the first 10 amendments.

1: Freedom of speech, press, of and from religion, assembly, and the right to petition the government.
2: Right to bear arms. 
3: Protection against housing soldiers in civilian homes. 
4: Protection against unreasonable search and seizure, and the issuing of warrants without probable cause.
5: Protection against trial without indictment, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and property seizure.
6: Right to a speedy trial, to be informed of charges, confronted by witnesses, witnesses, and legal counsel.
7: Right to trial by jury. 
8: Protection against excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
9: Rights granted in the Constitution shall not infringe on other rights.
10: Powers not granted to the Federal Government in the Constitution belong to the states or the people.