Cognitive Biases

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By Michael Alan Prestwood

Sat 1 Jun 2024

Published 2 years ago.

Updated 2 months ago.

Cognitive Biases

Maya, Illusion.

30 Philosophers, Chapter 14, Badarayana, Touchstone 37: Cognitive Biases.

Cognitive biases are systematic distortions in judgment that arise when the mind simplifies complexity. They are not signs of stupidity; they are shortcuts that once helped survival but now often mislead reasoning.

For example, take stereotyping. A wild animal cannot analyze every creature from scratch.

Things shaped like, smelling like, or behaving like “that,” are dangerous, is a useful shortcut.

Well, in nature at least. Humans possess much more sophisticated categorization, but applying animal-like crude group generalizations to individuals produces prejudice and discrimination. Something we recognize as a thing to overcome.

Identified and formalized in modern psychology, cognitive biases reveal predictable patterns in human error. Biases are one of the categories studied in critical thinking. Within the TST Framework, within my critical thinking system, cognitive biases are classified as one of the Four Mind Traps — mental tendencies that distort perception and inflate confidence. The other traps are stereotypes, logical fallacies, and heuristics. Recognizing bias is not about self-condemnation; it is about disciplined calibration.

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Annotated References:

Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science 185, no. 4157 (1974): 1124–31. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. Landmark paper behind the modern heuristics-and-biases research program.
Haselton, Martie G., and Daniel Nettle. “The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 1 (2006): 47–66. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1001_3. Error Management Theory argues that when different mistakes carried unequal survival costs, natural selection could favor predictable biases toward making the less costly mistake—such as producing false alarms rather than overlooking genuine danger.
Prestwood. 30 Philosophers. 2024. Chapter 14 introduces cognitive bias as a akin to Maya and describes biases as systematic errors.

Michael Alan Prestwood
Author & Natural Philosopher

Prestwood writes on science-first philosophy, with particular attention to the convergence of disciplines. Drawing on his TST Framework, his work emphasizes rational inquiry grounded in empirical observation while engaging questions at the edges of established knowledge. With TouchstoneTruth positioned as a living touchstone, this work aims to contribute reliable, evolving analysis in an emerging AI era where the credibility of information is increasingly contested.