By Natural Philosopher Mike Prestwood

Amphibians

Amphibians including frogs and salamanders ventured onto land around 350 million years ago. They need to return to water to reproduce.

Long-Term Memory Evolves: Tiktaalik

Long-Term Memory: By about 375 million years ago, the foundations for long-term memory were likely established among the more complex vertebrates, facilitating survival in increasingly varied and challenging environments. Tiktaalik is a prime example of this evolutionary milestone. It is an extraordinary creature that bridged the gap between aquatic fish and amphibians. With its forward-facing […]

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Land Hearing Emerges: Amphibians

Hearing, which initially appeared in early fish, underwent a remarkable transformation as vertebrates transitioned to terrestrial life a bit after 400 million years ago. Early forms of hearing involved simple pressure-sensitive cells that could detect vibrations in water. As amphibians moved onto land, rudimentary hearing evolved into processing airborne sound. This transition further drove the

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