Planck was famously conservative and struggled with the fact that his math had accidentally upended the foundations of classical physics. His full quote is closer to this:
“It was an act of despair… I was ready to sacrifice any of my previous convictions about physics… for the sake of finding a theoretical explanation.”
The problem Planck’s “trick” was essentially a move of mathematical desperation: he abandoned the long-held belief that energy flows in a smooth, continuous stream and instead modeled it as being exchanged in tiny, finite “packets” or quanta.
To understand how he did it, you have to look at the “Ultraviolet Catastrophe.” Classical physics predicted that an object absorbing and emitting all light (a blackbody) should emit infinite energy at short wavelengths (ultraviolet). This was clearly impossible—it suggested that simply turning on an oven would blast the room with lethal X-rays. Current math and theories had to change.
By forcing the energy to be divided into these discrete chunks, he was able to statistically weigh the probabilities so that high-frequency (ultraviolet) light wouldn’t drain all the energy from the system, effectively “taming” the math to match nature. It was the physics equivalent of realizing that instead of pouring water (continuous), nature was actually handing out individual ice cubes (discrete).
The same year of his epiphany, he presented his revolutionary formula:
E=hv
This formula says that energy equals a constant number times the color of light (the vibration or frequency). This formula established that an energy packet of light is strictly determined by its frequency. By its color. The h in his formula is the Planck Constant: a value he reverse engineered in the months after his epiphany. Essentially, he worked backward from the experimental data like a tailor trying to find the exact “stitch size” needed to keep a fabric from tearing. By treating the vibrating atoms in the blackbody as if they could only exchange energy in specific, fixed amounts, he discovered that a universal constant was required to link a wave’s frequency to its energy.
At the time, he didn’t even call it “the” formula; he saw it as a “lucky intuition” that happened to fit the experimental data perfectly. He later presented the full theoretical justification (the “how”) to the German Physical Society on December 14, 1900: a date now considered the birthday of quantum physics.
