The last non-cynodont therapsids likely included late dicynodonts, such as Lisowicia bojani and related Late Triassic forms. Dicynodonts were herbivorous therapsids with beak-like mouths and, in many species, tusks. They belonged to the broader mammal-side branch, but they were not cynodonts and did not lead directly to mammals. Their disappearance near the end of the Triassic marked the fading of the older non-cynodont therapsid lines.

By the Late Triassic, around 210–201 million years ago, late dicynodonts lived in a world increasingly dominated by archosaurs: early dinosaurs, large predatory rauisuchian-like relatives of crocodiles, pterosaurs, croc-line reptiles, turtles, amphibians, and other surviving therapsids, including cynodonts. Their environments likely included seasonal floodplains, river systems, forested lowlands, and open patches of vegetation across Pangaea. In Europe, Lisowicia bojani lived in what is now Poland, in a dinosaur-age ecosystem where large herbivores and large predators were both becoming more prominent. Its discovery showed that at least some dicynodonts were still competing in the “large herbivore” role at the same time early sauropodomorph dinosaurs were expanding.

Dicynodonts were an older, highly successful branch of therapsids — mammal-side animals, but not cynodonts. Most were plant-eaters with heavy bodies, short tails, powerful jaws, and beak-like mouths; many had tusks, though Lisowicia itself appears to have lacked the classic long tusks and instead had a massive beaked skull. Lisowicia bojani was extraordinary: elephant-sized, late-surviving, and more upright-limbed than earlier dicynodonts, showing that this older therapsid branch was still evolving, not merely fading away. But they were not on the direct mammal path. Their disappearance near the end of the Triassic marks the fading of the non-cynodont therapsid world, while the cynodont branch continued toward mammaliaforms and mammals.