Socrates is, of course, the first Socratic philosopher, distinguishing himself from the earlier presocratic philosophers, who primarily explored natural phenomena and metaphysics. But who came next? Chapter 8 of 30 Philosophers tells the story of Socrates, the man who dared to question every known truth. His student Plato celebrated the virtues of the mind in his works, which preserved Socrates’ teachings and expanded upon them. Chapter 9 continues Plato’s story and transitions to Aristotle, Plato’s own student, who would become one of the most renowned philosophers of all time. In this lineage, the first Socratic philosophers were Socrates, his student Plato, and his student Aristotle.

However, the term “Socratic philosophers” can also refer more narrowly to those directly influenced by Socrates himself. In this sense, Socratic philosophers include Plato, Xenophon, Antisthenes, Aristippus of Cyrene, and other disciples who embraced his ideas and carried on his philosophical legacy. This definition typically excludes Aristotle, who was born 15 years after the execution of Socrates and whose ideas evolved beyond Socratic thought.

At their core, Socratic philosophers shared a commitment to the Socratic method of questioning and dialogue. They championed self-examination, critical thinking, and the pursuit of wisdom. By delving into the nature of knowledge, reality, and ethics, these thinkers laid the foundation for Western philosophy in areas such as metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.