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4.3 Billion Years Ago
Second Atmosphere: Carbon Dioxide & Nitrogen
Atmospheric Evolution
4.5 to 4 Billion Years Ago
Earth’s second atmosphere formed as the planet cooled, releasing gases through intense volcanic outgassing. Unlike the first atmosphere, it was dominated by water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen: with no free oxygen. As water vapor condensed, the first freshwater oceans formed.
Astronomy
Story
“The movement of the planets agrees best with actual observations.”
- Copernicus
- 1543
Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus judged ideas not by tradition or authority, but by how well they fit the evidence.
Astronomy
Quote
The Expanding Universe Explained
Expanding Universe
ΛCDM remains the leading cosmological model because our current best measurements indicate gravity is not strong enough to stop the universe’s expansion.
Astronomy
Article
The Universe Before the Telescope
Astronomy
Before the telescope, the universe was us, the daytime Sun, the Moon chasing it, and the five wandering planets set against a backdrop of stars that sometimes fell.
Astronomy
Article