Master Timeline
Although protozoa evolved from eukaryotes about 2 billion years ago, it was 1674 that humanity saw them for the first time. That’s when Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using his meticulously crafted microscopes, discovered protozoa—the first microscopic observation of single-celled organisms. His detailed observations and descriptions of what he called “animalcules” in a drop of pond water […]
Protozoa Discovered: Microbiology Founded Read More »
In the coming decades, and I predict as soon as 2034, scientists will successfully deploy gene editing technologies like CRISPR to essentially cure diabetes. Analysis: With gene editing therapies like the treatment for sickle cell already approved by the FDA and in use worldwide, it’s not a matter of if, but when. The rapid development
Eradicating Diabetes: A Gene Editing Revolution Read More »
In 1906, Reginald Fessenden achieved the first analog transmission of sound over radio waves on Christmas Eve. An analog transmission is like a flowing river that continuously changes its speed and depth to carry things along its path. In analog communication, sounds or images are directly transformed into continuous signals that mimic the original. For
First Analog Radio Transmission Read More »
James Clerk Maxwell predicted electromagnetic waves, but he did not perform experiments to prove their existence. His prediction was based on his work on the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, which unified electricity, magnetism, and light as different manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism predicted the existence of waves of oscillating electric
Electromagnetic Radiation Theory Read More »
The Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania stands as a testament to early human ingenuity and foresight, illustrating a rudimentary form of organizational behavior that predates modern civilization. Utilized extensively over two million years, the site functioned akin to a “factory,” where early humans systematically crafted a variety of stone tools. They strategically selected specific locations that
Olduvai Gorge Site: A Glimpse into Early Organizational Behavior Read More »
By 2025-6, closed-loop life support systems will be deployed for real-world application aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These systems are designed to recycle and regenerate life-supporting resources like air and water, reducing the need for resupply missions and improving the sustainability of long-duration space missions. This initiative marks a significant advancement in space habitation
Space Station Closed-Loop Life Support Read More »
By 2028, the Lunar Gateway space station will be orbiting the moon with people on it, during the Artemis IV mission. The advanced life support systems are slated to be integrated into the infrastructure of the Lunar Gateway and employed during Artemis program missions. These systems are part of NASA’s broader strategy to facilitate prolonged
Lunar Gateway: Space Station Orbiting the Moon Read More »
“By 350,000 years ago, early humans crafted javelin-quality spears.” This revelation about ancient spears is profoundly enlightening as it demonstrates the advanced cognitive abilities and social cooperation among early humans. Crafting spears of this quality involves not only selecting the right materials and understanding the physics of balancing and sharpening but also strategic planning for
Ancient Spears 350,000 Years Ago Read More »
“By 1.76 million years ago, early humans began to create hand axes.” This seemingly simple statement about hand axes is mind-opening and philosophically significant for a few reasons. It highlights the ingenuity of early humans. Crafting tools from stone requires planning, foresight, and understanding of cause and effect. It also represents a critical leap in
Hand Axes 1.7 Million Years Ago Read More »
Rationally predicted, unconfirmed: The Oort Cloud is a theoretical vast sphere of icy objects believed to surround our solar system at distances ranging from about 2,000 to 100,000 astronomical units from the Sun. Conceived by the Dutch astronomer Jan Oort in 1950, this distant cloud is thought to be the source of long-period comets that
While black holes were first proposed in the 18th century, they were not seriously proposed until 1916 with Albert Einstein’s General Relativity. The concept of a “black hole” has its roots in the 18th century when John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace independently speculated about the existence of “dark stars” — celestial bodies whose gravity is
Black Holes Proposed Read More »
The first image of a black hole was captured in 2019 by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration. Before that, the first observational evidence was discovered in 1964 with the detection of the X-ray source Cygnus X-1, which was later interpreted as material accreting onto a black hole from a companion star. In 1971, Cygnus
Black Holes Confirmed Read More »
General Relativity incorporated gravity into the mix. It describes gravity not as a force, but as the curvature of spacetime caused by massive objects. According to General Relativity, the curvature of spacetime around an object like the Earth causes objects to fall towards its center, which we experience as gravity. In November 1915, Einstein expanded
General Relativity Read More »
30 Phil, Chapter 21, Galileo, Touchstone 52: Relativity Principle. The Relativity Principle states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another. This means that the passage of time, the length of objects, and the speed of light are the same for everyone, regardless of their
Relativity Principle Read More »
Special Relativity explains the relationship between space, time, mass, and energy. It shows that time and space are not separate entities but are connected as a single entity called spacetime. Additionally, it introduced the famous equation E=mc², which demonstrates that mass is engergy, energy is mass. They are equivalent and can be converted into each
Special Relativity Read More »
In 1965, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, two radio astronomers at Bell Telephone Laboratories, stumbled upon a mysterious and persistent background noise that pervaded their radio telescope. After much investigation and the elimination of potential terrestrial and instrumental sources, they concluded that this noise was cosmic in origin. Their findings, published on May 20, 1965,
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Read More »
In 1848,French physicist Hippolyte Fizeau observed a shift in the spectral lines of stars, hinting at a similar effect for light waves.
Doppler Effect Observed for Stars Read More »
By 1929, an important time in cosmology, Edwin Hubble used the spiral nebulae data collected by Vesto Slipher from 1912 to 1925 to introduce the world to galaxies. Prior to the 20th century, astronomers debated whether spiral nebulae were merely gaseous clouds within the Milky Way, possibly forming solar systems. This view changed dramatically following
Galaxies Discovered! Doppler Effect used to measure distance!! Read More »
The Doppler effect is the apparent difference between the frequency at which sound or light waves leave a source and that at which they reach an observer, caused by relative motion of the observer and the wave source. The Doppler effect for sound was first described by the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler in 1842. He
Doppler Effect for Sound and Light Read More »
As the Permian period waned around 299 to 252 million years ago, the Earth’s climates became increasingly arid, fostering the evolution of plant adaptations suited for water conservation. Among these adaptations was the emergence of true pine needles, characteristic of early conifers. These needle-like leaves, with their narrow, waxy surfaces, were crucial in minimizing water
Pine Needles Evolve Read More »
