Albert Einstein (1879 to 1955)
Einstein taught us that mass and energy are two forms of the same thing and that gravity is better understood as the curvature of spacetime that guides motion.
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Physics
Max Planck
Planck discovered limits by following the math honestly—even when it contradicted intuition.
Relativity Principle
30 Phil, Chapter 21, Galileo, Touchstone 52: Relativity Principle. The Relativity Principle states that the laws of physics are the same for all observers in uniform motion relative to one another. This means that the passage of time, the length of objects, and the speed of light are the same for everyone, regardless of their
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Special Relativity
Special Relativity explains the relationship between space, time, mass, and energy. It shows that time and space are not separate entities but are connected as a single entity called spacetime. Additionally, it introduced the famous equation E=mc², which demonstrates that mass is engergy, energy is mass. They are equivalent and can be converted into each
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Doppler Effect Observed for Stars
In 1842, the Doppler effect was proposed by Christian Doppler. First confirmed for sound in 1845, then for light in 1848.
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Doppler Effect for Sound and Light
In 1842, Christian Doppler wrote about the doppler effect in stars. It was first confirmed with sound in 1845, then with light in 1848. The big moment came in 1868 when, for the first time, we could tell which stars were coming and going.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo, the Father of Modern Physics, showed that careful observation and math could overturn ancient certainty.
The Invention of Calculus
Invented by Newton in the 1660s (pub. 1687) and independently by Leibniz in the 1680s (pub. 1684). Both built on Galileo’s popularizing the idea of the infinitesimal. Calculus, the mathematical study of continuous change, introduced the concepts of differentiation and integration, providing tools to model and analyze motion, growth, and the infinitesimal. Newton, working primarily
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Electroweak Era
In the first fraction of a second, the universe cooled enough for the electromagnetic and weak forces to split, setting the stage for stable particles.
Planck Era
The Plank Era occurred in the first part of the first millisecond after the singularity. Current estimated put it at up to 10−43 seconds after the Big Bang. The term “era” is used for this micro-duration as a sort of tip of the hat to Einstein’s Relativity. It reflects a conceptual approach to time that
Singularity
When we trace the universe backward, our equations point to an unimaginably hot, dense beginning — not a confirmed object, but the mysterious edge where current physics breaks down.