Articles are public education.
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Hominin Census: A Speculative Journey to 700,000 and 300,000 BCE
Estimates of ancient human populations of a few hundred are misleading. They lean too heavily on surviving DNA lines. DNA traces direct surviving lines, not ...
Exploring the Slippery Slope Argument
Logical Fallacies < Four Mind Traps < TST Framework < Critical Thinking
The Universe Before the Telescope
Before instruments extended our vision, the universe was understood through naked-eye observation—the Sun, Moon, and five wandering planets set against a backdrop of stars that ...
Echoes of the Self: Exploring Consciousness Across the Ages
Consciousness is the capacity for awareness; animals add subjective experience, and humans add self-reflection and inquiry.
Mindscape Framework
The Mindscape Framework presents a layered philosophy of the mind: consciousness is the structured experience of reality, heuristics are its evolved shortcuts, and worldview and ...
Occam’s Razor: Simplifying Complexity
Occam’s Razor helps clear the fog by cutting away unnecessary assumptions. When several explanations fit the evidence, start with the one that requires the fewest ...
An Overview of Reason and Logic
Understand the interplay between reason and logic.
Neanderthal Clue: Reassessing Intelligence Beyond Human Bias
Neanderthals were not dim, brutish failures of human evolution. Growing evidence shows they were intelligent ancient humans with symbolic thought, culture, and abilities that challenge ...
30 Philosophers: Chapter Descriptions
Chapter touchstones and descriptions.
Africa Before the Transatlantic Slave Trade
From the richest man ever back to the time they ruled Egypt.
The End of the Universe Explained
We do not know the ultimate fate of the universe, but the leading ideas are that it expands forever, collapses and starts over, or ends ...
The Family of Charles Darwin and His Scientific Community
The family man behind evolution.
Types of Reasoning: Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive
Deduction applies rules, induction spots patterns, and abduction chooses the most likely explanation.
The Expanding Universe Explained
ΛCDM remains the leading cosmological model because our current best measurements indicate gravity is not strong enough to stop the universe’s expansion.
The Islands-of-Universes Idea
We often talk as if our universe is a self-contained whole, but beyond the limits of observation, we simply do not know what else may ...
Roger Williams was a 17th Century Separatist
Explore the use of this term over the centuries.
Cultural Transmission: The Sharing of Knowledge from Crows to Libraries
Cultural transmission is the passing of learned behavior, knowledge, and traditions from one generation to the next in all animals.
The Story of the Philosopher King: Marcus Aurelius
A well-researched bio of the apathetic agnostic who epitomized stoicism.
Unraveling the Faustinas: A Look at the family of Marcus Aurelius
This post is background research for my new book: “30 ...