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Standards of Justification
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Three Truth Hammers
Featured Story
Critical Thinking
Story
Born 1864.
Max Weber (1864–1920)
Lived from 1864 to 1920, aged 56 years.
Authority
Max Weber showed that people obey authority not because it is morally right, but because it appears legitimate within a recognized structure. As societies modernize, authority shifts from persons to systems. The rules, offices, and procedures make obedience feel responsible even for immoral actions.
Featured QUOTE
Philosophy
Quote
“The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be either good or evil.”
- Hannah Arendt
- 1963
Law Enforcement
Arendt warned that history’s worst outcomes are rarely driven by monsters. They are driven by ordinary people who surrender judgment. When obedience replaces moral thinking, cruelty no longer feels like a choice—it feels like routine.
Featured FAQ
New This Week
Science
FAQ
Why do scientific models work if they aren’t literally true?
TST Ethics
Scientific models work because they structure aspects of reality like key relationships, variables, and components. Over time, models are refined, expanded, or superseded, not because science fails, but because science progresses models by improving maps, not by claiming direct access to reality.
Three Truth Hammers
Standards of Justification
Testing claims against reality.
The Three Truth Hammers establish clear standards for evaluating claims. They distinguish empirical evidence, rational coherence, and definitional clarity—separating what can be known from what is assumed, asserted, or imagined.
Deep-Dive Articles
Idea Theory Framework
The Idea Theory Framework within the Idea of Ideas is a promotion ladder for ideas to move from speculation to hypothesis, theory, and law.
Holistic Paleolithic Framework: A New Look at Prehistory
A new look at dividing up the paleolithic era.
Must-Reads
Idea of Ideas
Idea Theory Framework
The Idea Theory Framework within the Idea of Ideas is a promotion ladder for ideas to move from speculation to hypothesis, theory, and law.
American Centric
Nonpartisan: The Federalist Papers and Presidential Impeachment
Nonpartisan: Are you curious about what the Federalist Papers say about impeachment? This article gives you a quick review of our constitution and impeachment, then ...
New Ideas
Idea of Ideas
Idea Theory Framework
The Idea Theory Framework within the Idea of Ideas is a promotion ladder for ideas to move from speculation to hypothesis, theory, and law.
Ancient Humans
Holistic Paleolithic Framework: A New Look at Prehistory
A new look at dividing up the paleolithic era.
Updated Articles
Cosmology | Philosophy of Science | Unification
Speculative Ideas in Science: Rip-Bang, Bigfoot, and Beyond
Idea Theory Framework
The Idea Theory Framework is part of the Idea of Ideas and models a process in which ideas can go from speculative to theory.
Wed 5 Jun 2024
(2 years ago)
Updated 2 weeks ago.
Philosophy of Law | Roger Williams
Roger Williams was a 17th Century Separatist
Separatist Term & Epistemology
Explore the use of this term over the centuries.
Fri 1 Mar 2024
(2 years ago)
Updated 2 months ago.
Tue 24 Dec 2019
(6 years ago)
Updated 2 months ago.