About 3.7 billion years ago, RNA virus ancestors may trace back to the RNA world, but we can’t prove whether they predate LUCA or arose just after.
About 1 billion years ago, giant viruses evolved by “hoarding” cellular genes, expanding their genomes until they blurred the line between a simple virus and a living cell.
The Mesozoic era starts with the end-Permian mass extinction 252 million years ago. Dinosaurs ruled over all, including us. It ends the reign of dinosaurs with the K–Pg extinction 66 million years ago.
The Triassic–Jurassic extinction cleared ecological space for dinosaurs to become the dominant land animals of the Jurassic.
About 1.25 billion years ago, Retroviruses emerged by transforming “jumping genes” into infectious agents, mastering the ability to rewrite a host’s permanent genetic code.
The Ordovician–Silurian extinction shows how climate change can reshape evolution by collapsing old ecosystems and opening space for new life.
The Cenozoic era starts with the K–Pg extinction 66 million years ago. That event marks the sudden end of the reign of dinosaurs and the rise of mammals and birds.
About 1.75 billion years ago, Monodnaviria evolved as “runaway” genetic loops (plasmids) that stole structural proteins from other viruses to become independent, single-stranded DNA parasites.
About 2.4 billion years ago, Cyanobacteria “hacked” the sun to split water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct and triggering the first global environmental catastrophe and subsequent biological reset.