The Olmec civilization, often considered the “mother culture” of Mesoamerica, formally emerged around 1600 BCE based on when they embraced farming. They primarily emerged in the tropical lowlands of present-day southern Mexico. Known for their colossal stone heads and sophisticated art, the Olmecs developed early forms of writing and urban organization. Their major centers, such as San Lorenzo and La Venta, thrived as political and religious hubs. The Olmec influence waned around 400 BCE, but their cultural and technological innovations profoundly impacted subsequent Mesoamerican civilizations.