This question has sparked debates for centuries. It might sound coy, but the answer depends on how you define math. If you think of math as the patterns, relationships, and truths that exist in the universe—like the way two rocks and two shells add up to four—then math was discovered. These truths existed long before anyone called them “math.” On the other hand, if math means the human-made symbols, labels, and equations we use to describe those patterns, then math was invented. It’s like asking if Christopher Columbus discovered America or if the land we call the Americas existed before he gave it a name.

This idea aligns with the Idea of Ideas explored in chapter 18 of 30 Philosophers. It’s a framework similar to Kant’s Transcendental Idealism, emphasizing a split between the material world and our descriptions of it. The Idea of Ideas goes a step further, categorizing our descriptions as empirical (based on sensory data), rational (logical constructs), or irrational (unsupported by reason or evidence). Like Hume’s Fork, which limits “good ideas” to those grounded in human experience, the Idea of Ideas highlights the ways we interpret reality. Math, by this view, is our way of describing something universal and eternal.

So, was math discovered or invented? Both, in a sense. Humans invented the tools to talk about it, but the patterns and truths we describe were always there, waiting to be noticed. In the Idea of Ideas this is the concept of “Latent Ideas.”

Imagine standing on a beach, seeing two rocks next to two shells. The universe tells you that two plus two equals four. We didn’t invent that fact; we merely invented the language to express it. We explore this duality by looking for patterns in the universe.